Spinning Disk Confocal CSU

Dual Spinning Disk Confocal Technology

As the pioneer in dual spinning disk confocal technology, Yokogawa has revolutionized live cell imaging in optical microscopy. The multi-beam scanning method offers not only high speed imaging but significantly reduced phototoxicity and photo bleaching, making our confocal scanner units the de facto standard tool for live cell imaging.

High-Speed, High Resolution Imaging

Yokogawa’s confocal scanners employ advanced imaging technologies to help researchers achieve high-speed and high-resolution live cell imaging.

Fast time-lapse confocal images of living cells
Minimal phototoxicity and less photobleaching
Live-cell confocal fluorescence imaging capabilities
Stability during long-term and high-speed imaging
Facilitates quantitative analysis of huge amounts of data

Super Resolution

Super Resolution via Optical Re-assignment.

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Comparison of CSU series

Model		CSU-W1	CSU-X1
Model		CSU-W1	High-end	Basic
Imaging Speed (Max. fps)		200	2,000	360
Scanner Motor Rotation Speed (rpm)		1,500-4,000	1,500-10,000 (Variable)	1,800 (Fixed)^*2
Recommended camera exposure time		5msec	0.5msec	33msec
Effective FOV		17x16mm	10x7mm
Disk unit		Selectable up to 2 disks Pinhole size :50µm, 25µm	1 disk Pinhole size :50µm
Rotation position trigger signal		External signal output possible		None^*2
Filters	EX	Option
	DM	Option (up to 3 filters)		Option (1 filter)
	EM	Option (up to 10 filters with filter wheel)	Option (up to 12 filters with filter wheel)	Option (1 filter)
Addition or exchange of filters		At user site :DM block and filters (EX, EM.) At Yokogawa factory :DM
*1 option

Comparison between CSU and other confocal systems

Model	CSU	Conventional Point-scan Confocal	Conventional Slit-scan Confocal	Other spinning disk Confocal	Epi- fluorescence (Wide field)
Scan Type	Microlens-enhanced multi beam scan	Single beam scan	Line Scan	Disk scan (Multi beam or slit)	None
Light Source	Lasers			Hg or Xenon arc lamp
Detector	CCD, EMCCD	PMT	Line CCD	CCD, EMCCD
Microscope	Flexible	Specific		Flexible / Specific	Flexible
Scan speed of full-size image	2000fps	~1fps	~120fps (512X512)	<200fps	Any
Photo bleaching/ photo toxicity	Low	Severe		Low
Confocality	High (X-Y-Z confocal)		Modest (Compromise y-resolution)	Modest (X-Y-Z confocal with pinhole, Compromise y-resolution with slit-scan)	None
Image Quality (Background)	High Good S/N (Low background)	High (multiple averaging necessary)	Modest	Modest (High background with dim samples)	Low (High background)

User labs

Ted Salmon Lab., Dept. of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Waterman-Storer Lab., Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphodynamics (LCTM),NHLBI（Bethesda Campus)
Tim Mitchison Lab., Dept. of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School
Scholey Lab., Dept. of Cell and Computational Biology, University of California, Davis
The Vale Lab., Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco
The Wadsworth Lab., Biology Dept., University of Massachusetts, Amherst
The Kiehart Lab., Dept. of Biology, Duke University
HSC Core Facilities School of Medicine, University of Utah
Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indiana University Medical Center
Ehlers Laboratory - Department of Neurobiology, Duke University
Bob Goldstein Lab., University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
Andrew Matus Lab., at Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research
Laboratory of Developmental Dynamics,Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University
Zena Werb Lab., Anatomy, University of California San Francisco
Satoshi Nishimura Lab., Dept. of Cardiovascular Medicine, the University of Tokyo
Oshima Lab., Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Information Studies，The Univ. of Tokyo
The Huser research group at UC Davis
Nakano Lab., Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo

Useful Sites

1) Microscopy & Imaging Resources on the WWW

Complete list of all aspects of microscopy and imaging, by Douglas W. Cromey From Cellular Imaging Core of Southwest Environmental Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona

2) The Centro de Biologia Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CBMSO)

Contains links to general information, microscopy laboratories, publications, courses and meetings, societies, images. Especially useful for finding microscopy workshops.

3) The Cell Imaging Facility, a part of the University of Utah Health Science Center's Core Research Facilities Department

Good explanation of CSU-Disk scanning confocal system by Chris Rodesch

4) Molecular Expressions Website

Run by National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University.
One of Web's largest collections of excellent optical microscopy images, and quite thorough information on all types of microscopy.
Interactive Java Tutorials sponsored by Nikon (Nikon MicroscopyU) and Olympus(Olympus Microscopy Resource Center) are extremely useful to learn not only confocal but all kinds of microscopies, and related technologies.

Life Science Textbooks

Microscopy Techniques, Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology Vol.95 Serial Editor T. Scheper, Volume Editor J. Rietdorf, Springer(2005) ISBN-10 3-540-23698-8
Confocal Microscopy for Biologists Edited by Alan R.Hibbs,Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers(2004) ISBN:0-306-48468-4(hardback) 0-306-48565-6(e-Book)
Live Cell Imaging, A Laboratory Manual Edited by Robert D. Goldman & David L. Spector. 2nd Edition,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (2010) ISBN:0-87969-893-4(pbk), ISBN 0-87969-892-6 (hardcover)
Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy, 3rd Edition Edited by James B. Pawley, Springer(2006)
VideoMicroscopy, The Fundamentals Shinya Inoue, Kenneth Spring, Second Edition Plenum Press. New York,(1997) ISBN: 0-306-45531-5
Direct-View High-Speed Confocal Scanner: The CSU-10, Chapter 2: Cell Biological Applications of Confocal Microscopy (Methods in Cell Biology) Shinya Inoue and Ted Inoue Edited by Brian Matsumoto Academic Press ISBN:0-12-580445-8 ; 2nd Rev (2002/12)

Articles: CSU Technology and its applications

Quantification and clustering of actin cytoskeletal structures in plant cells: role of actin bundling in stomatal movement during diurnal cycles in Arabidopsis guard cells.
Higaki T, Kutsuna N, Sano T, Kondo N, Hasezawa S
submitted.

Current Application and Technology of Functional Multineuron Calcium Imaging.
Shigehiro Namiki and Yuji Ikegaya
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin Vol.32(2009) , No.11

Live imaging of yeast Golgi cisternal maturation.
Kumi Matsuura-Tokita, Masaki Takeuchi, Akira Ichihara, Kenta Mikuriya and Akihiko Nakano
Nature 441, 1007-1010 (22 June 2006)

Performance comparison between the high-speed Yokogawa spinning disc confocal system and single-point scanning confocal systems.
E. Wang, C. M. Babbey & K. W. Dunn
Journal of Microscopy, Vol. 218, Pt 2 May 2005, pp. 148 ?159

Optically sectioned fluorescence lifetime imaging using a Nipkow disk microscope and a tunable ultrafast continuum excitation source.
D.M.Grant, D.S. Elson, D.Schimpf, C.Dunsby, J.Requejo-Isidro, E.Auksorius, I.Munro, M.A. A. Neil, P. M. W. French ,E. Nye G. Stamp, P.Courtney
Optics Letters Vol. 30, No. 24 (2005 ) 3353

Optimization of Spinning Disk Confocal Microscopy: Synchronization with the Ultra-Sensitive EMCCD.
F.K.Chong, C.G.Coates, D.J.Denvir, N.McHale, K.Thornbury & M.Hollywood
Proceedings of SPIE 2004

Spinning disk confocal microscope system for rapid high-resolution, multimode, fluorescence speckle microscopy and green fluorescent protein imaging in living cells.
Maddox PS, Moree B, Canman JC, Salmon ED
Methods Enzymol. 360:597-617 (2003)

A high-speed multispectral spinning-disk confocal microscope system for fluorescent speckle microscopy of living cells.
Adams, M.C., Salmon, W.C., Gupton, S.L., Cohan, C.S., Wittmann, T., Prigozhina, N. & Waterman-Storer, C.M
Methods, 29, 29?41 (2003)

Spinning-disk confocal microscopy ? a cutting-edge tool for imaging of membrane traffic.
Nakano, A.
Cell Structure Function, 27, 349?355.(2002)

High Speed 1-frame/ms scanning confocal microscope with a miclolens and Nipkow disks.
T.Tanaami, S.Otsuki,N.Tomosada, Y.Kosugi. M.Shimizu & H.Ishida
Applied Optics, Vol.41,No.22(2002)

New imaging modes for lenslet-array tandem scanning microscopes.
T. F. Watson, R. Juskaitis & T. Wilson
Journal of Microscopy, Vol. 205, Pt 2 February (2002) 209?212

High-speed confocal fluorescence microscopy using a Nipkow scanner with microlenses for 3-D imaging of single fluorescence molecule in real time.
A.Ichihara, T.Tanaami, K.Isozaki, Y.Sugiyama, Y.Kosugi, K.Mikuriya, M.Abe and I.Uemura
Bioimages 4, 57-62(1996)

Articles: Cell Biology

(Vesicular transport, actin dynamics, microtubule dynamics, cell division)

Long-term, Six-dimensional Live-cell Imaging for the Mouse Preimplantation Embryo That Does Not Affect Full-term Development.
Yamagata, K., Suetsugu, R. and Wakayama, T., J. Reprod. Dev., 55: 328-331(2009) ”

The Caenorhabditis elegans DDX-23, a homolog of yeast splicing factor PRP28, is required for the sperm-oocyte switch and differentiation of various cell types.
Konishi, T., Uodome, N., and Sugimoto, A.,Developmental Dynamics 237, 2367-2377(2008)

Determining the position of the cell division plane.
J. C. Canman, L. A. Cameron, P.S. Maddox, A. Straight, J, S. Tirnauer, T. J. Mitchison, G. Fang., T. M. Kapoor & E. D. Salmon, Nature 424, 1074-1078 (28 August 2003) “Cover”

Taxol-stabilized Microtubules Can Position the Cytokinetic Furrow in Mammalian Cells.
Katie B. Shannon, Julie C. Canman,C. Ben Moree,Jennifer S. Tirnauer, and E. D. Salmon, Mol Biol Cell. September; 16(9): 4423?4436 (2005)

Two mitotic kinesins cooperate to drive sister chromatid separation during anaphase.
G. C. Rogers, S. L. Rogers, T. A. Schwimmer,S. C. Ems-McClung, .C E. Walczak, R. D. Vale, J. M. Scholey & D. J. Sharp, Nature 427(6972):, 364-370 (2004)

Crm1 is a Mitotic Effector of Ran-GTP in Somatic Cells
Arnaoutov, A., Azuma, Y., Ribbeck, K., Joseph, J., Boyarchuk, Y. and Dasso, M, Nat Cell Biol. Jun;7(6):626-32 (2005).

Nuclear congression is driven by cytoplasmic microtubule plus end interactions in S. cerevisiae.
J.N. Molk, E.D. Salmon, and K. Bloom, JCB, Vol. 172, Number 1, 27-39 (2006)

Centrosome fragments and microtubules are transported asymmetrically away from division plane in anaphase
Nasser M. Rusan and Patricia Wadsworth ,JCB 168 (1) 21?28 (2005)

The roles of microtubule-based motor proteins in mitosis: comprehensive RNAi analysis in the Drosophila S2 cell line.
G. Goshima and R.D. Vale,JCB 162(6) 1003?1016 (2003)

Spindle orientation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae depends on the transport of microtubule ends along polarized actin cables.
Hwang, E., Kusch, J., Barral, Y. & Huffaker, T.C, J. Cell Biol. 161, 483?488 (2003)

Cell migration without a lamellipodium : translation of actin dynamics into cell movement mediated by tropomyosin
S.L. Gupton, K.L. Anderson, T. P. Kole, R.S. Fischer, A. Ponti, S.E. Hitchcock-DeGregori, G. Danuser, V.M. Fowler, D.Wirtz, D. Hanein, and C.M. Waterman-Storer ,JCB 168(4) 619-631(2005)

Actin dynamics in the contractile ring during cytokinesis in fission yeast.
Pelham, R.J. & Chang, F, Nature, 419, 82?86. (2002)

CD8+ effector T cells contribute to macrophage recruitment and adipose tissue inflammation in obesity.
Nishimura S, Manabe I, Nagasaki M, Eto K, Yamashita H, Ohsugi M, Otsu M, Hara K, Sugiura S,Yoshimura K, Kadowaki T, Nagai R, Nature Medicine 8, 914- 920 (15 August 2009)

T-cell engagement of dendritic cells rapidly rearranges MHC class II transport.
M. Boes, J. Cerny, R. Masso, M. Op den Brouw, T. Kirchhausen, J. Chenk & H. L. Ploegh, Nature 418, 983- 988 (29 August 2002) “Cover”

Functional coordination of intraflagellar transport motors.
G. Ou, O.E. Blacque, J.J.Snow, M.R. Leroux & J.M. Scholey,Nature 436(7050):583-7. (2005).

Three-dimensional analysis of post-Golgi carrier exocytosis in epithelial cells
Kreitzer, G., Schmoranzer, J., Low, S.H., Li, X., Gan, Y., Weimbs, T., Simon, S.M. & Rodriguez-Boulan, E, Nature Cell Biol. 5, 126?136. (2003)

Dynamics of Membrane Clathrin-Coated Structures During Cytokinesis.
James H. & Wang, Yu-Li Warner, Anne K., Keen, Traffic 7 (2), 205-215. (2006 )

Articles: Neuroscience

Activity-induced targeting of profilin and stabilization of dendritic spine morphology.
Ackermann, M., and A. Matus, Nat Neurosci. Nov;6(11):1194-200 (2003)

Dynamics and Regulation of Clathrin Coats at Specialized Endocytic Zones of Dendrites and Spines.
T.A. Blanpied, D.B. Scott, M.D. Ehlers, Neuron, Vol. 36, 435?449, October 24(2002)

Neurabin/Protein Phosphatase-1 Complex Regulates Dendritic Spine Morphogenesis and Maturation.
R.T.Terry-Lorenzo, D.W. Roadcap, T. Otsuka , T.A. Blanpied, P.L. Zamorano, C.C. Garner, S. Shenolikar, and M.D. Ehlers, MBC Vol. 16, Issue 5, 2349-2362, May (2005)

Phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase type I regulates dynamics of large dense-core vesicle fusion.
L.W..Gong , G. D.Paolo, E. Diaz ., G.Cestra , M-E. Diaz, M. Lindau , P.De Camilli , and D. Toomre , PNAS, vol. 102 no. 14 5204-5209 (2005)

Calcium Dynamics

Formation of planar and spiral Ca2+ waves in isolated cardiac myocytes.
Ishida, H., Genka, C., Hirota, Y., Nakazawa, H. & Barry, W.H, Biophys. J. 77, 2114?2122 (1999)

Simultaneous imaging of phosphatidyl inositol metabolism and Ca2+ levels in PC12h cells.
Morita,M,Yoshiki, F,and ,Kudo,Y, BBRC 308, 673-678 (2003)

Calcium oscillations in interstitial cells of the rabbit urethra.
Johnston, L., Sergeant, G. P., Hollywood, M. A., Thornbury, K. D. & McHale, N. G,The Journal of Physiology 565 (2), 449-461 (2005).

Microvascular Blood Flow

Real-time observation of hemodynamic changes in glomerular aneurysms induced by anti-Thy-1 antibody.
Oyanagi-Tanaka, Y., Yao, J., Wada, Y., Morioka, T., Suzuki, Y., Gejyo, F., Arakawa, M. & Oite, T, Kidney Int. 59, 252?259. (2001)

Real-time in vivo imaging of platelets, tissue factor and fibrin during arterial thrombus formation in the mouse.
Shahrokh Falati, Prter Gross, Glenn Merrill-Skoloff, Barbara C. Furie & Bruce Furie, Nat Med 8 (10) 1175-1180(2002)

Other Applications

Evidence of ROS generation by mitochondria in cells with impaired electron transport chain and mitochondrial DNA damage
Hiroko P. Indo,Mercy Davidson,Hsiu-Chuan Yen,Shigeaki Suenaga,Kazuo Tomita,Takeshi Nishii,Masahiro Higuchi,Yasutoshi Koga,Toshihiko Ozawa,Hideyuki J. Majima,Mitochondrion No.7 106?118(2007)