Oxidation Monitoring in the Cyanide Wastewater Treatment Process
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| Cyanide decomposition process |
Cyanide-bearing wastewater from mining and electroplating facilities and certain types of chemical plants is toxic and must be treated by oxidation with chlorine or chloride to bring the cyanide concentration within regulatory limits. The waste materials contain alkaline, rare earth metals, and other heavy metals such as iron, nickel, zinc, cadmium, copper, silver and gold. As well as sometimes can contain the deadly poison, cyanide. As the speed of the oxidation reaction is closely tied to the pH value, a pH analyzer is used together with an ORP (oxidation-reduction potential) analyzer to monitor the completion of the reaction. The use of these analyzers also ensures that excessive amounts of chemicals (e.g., chlorine) are not used to produce the reaction. Both 2-wire and 4-wire analyzers are suitable for this measurement system. A gold electrode should be used for ORP measurement of cyanidecontaining solutions.
Expected Benefits
- Measures pH/ORP of cyanide wastewater continuously
- Reduces operating costs
Process Overview
Cyanide decomposition takes place in two stages. In the primary reaction, cyanide is oxidized to cyanate under high alkaline conditions (high pH and ORP). In the first reaction tank, the pH of the waste is measured and caustic (NaOH at 50% strength) is injected to raise the pH to 10 or higher. The oxidation reduction potential (ORP) of the waste is measured, and chlorine gas (Cl2) is automatically injected to raise the ORP to 400 mV or higher. The reaction normally occurs within 5 to 10 minutes.
In the secondary reaction, the cyanate is further oxidized under near-neutral conditions and converted to harmless carbon dioxide and nitrogen gases. In the second reaction tank, the pH of the waste is measured, and acid is injected to lower pH to 7-8. This process takes 2 to 5 minutes. In the third reaction tank, the ORP of the waste is measured and chlorine gas (Cl2) is automatically injected to raise the ORP to 600 mV or higher (Meanwhile the pH controller maintains the set-point at 7-8, correcting for any acidity created by the addition of the chlorine gas). This reaction occurs, taking 10 to 15 minutes, then the cyanide is eventually converted to harmless materials by the above reaction and the waste can be discharged.
Solution Details
| Measurement system | |
|---|---|
| 2-wire/4-wire ORP measurement system 2-wire/4-wire pH measurement system |
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| Sensor | |
| KCl refillable ORP sensor: | OR8EFG-AU-☐☐-TT1-☐*A |
| KCl refillable pH sensor: | PH8EFP-☐☐-TN-TT1-N-☐*A |
| Submersion type holder: | PH8HS-PP-☐☐-T-NN-NN*A |
| Terminal box (when needed) | |
| WTB10-PH1 (for 2-wire system) | |
| WTB10-PH3 (for 4-wire system) | |
| Converter/transmitter: | |
| 2-wire transmitter (pH/ORP): | FLXA202-D-BｰD-☐-P1-NN-A-N-LA-☐-NN |
| 4-wire pH/ORP converter: | FLXA402-A-B-☐-P1-NN-A2-WR-☐-☐-☐-NN |
Measurement Conditions
A gold electrode should be used to ensure accurate measurement of ORP in cyanide solutions. When the potential is near or under 200 mV during the cyanide oxidation process, a platinum electrode produces a catalytic reaction that causes hydrogen to form on the electrode surface. This generates potential and affects measured values.
pH and ORP levels in this area can be simultaneously monitored with the FLXA pH/ORP Analyzer. The model FLXA pH/ORP Analyzer performs continuous sensor diagnostics to notify the user when the sensor is coated or the glass electrode has broken.
The PH20 "Tempress" sensor with has a 3/4" NPT threads is convenient to install and use in the reaction tanks. Adapters enable it to be converted into a 1" MNPT thread, as well as a flow thru assembly or direct insertion assembly with a cleaning system. This sensor features four separate elements (pH, reference, temperature, ORP) in a rugged PVDF body. The integral number-coded cable and integral NPT threads allow for easy and convenient installation. When used with PH4050 or FLXA pH/ORP Analyzers, it can give simultaneous measurements of pH and ORP is possible with one sensor.
Utilities
| FLXA202 | |
|---|---|
| Power supply: | 17 to 40 V DC (from distributor) |
| FLXA402 | |
| Power supply: | 96 to 264 V AC, 50/60 Hz |
| Power consumption: | 35VA maximum |
Industrien
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Water resources are finite, and therefore contributing to a sustainable water cycle is one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Yokogawa has been providing advanced digital control solutions for the stable supply of clean and safe water, wastewater treatment for protecting the water environment, water loss management and optimization of plant operation for reducing CO2 emissions and running costs. With our leading-edge technologies, dependable products and extensive expertise and experience of diverse water projects around the world, we work with you to provide sustainable water solutions that boost your business and add value throughout the plant lifecycle.
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