Chlorination is one of sterilization method in drinking water and industrial water, and chlorine measurement is very important to secure water quality. Yokogawa started chlorine analyzer business since 1958, our analyzers have been contributed to safety drinking water around the world. We provides two type of chlorine analyzers, non reagent type chlorine analyzer for free available chlorine measurement and reagent type chlorine analyzer for free chlorine or residual chlorine (total chlorine) measurement. You can find the best solution thanks to unique Yokogawa technologies proven by experiences.
About Chlorine
- What is Residual Chlorine?
- What is Free Available Chlorine?
- What is Combined Available Chlorine?
- What is the Measurement Method?
Application for new Chlorine Analyzers
Target application | Application detail | FC800D | RC800D |
---|---|---|---|
Water purification plant | Tap water/municipal water/drinking water/potable water | ✓ | ✓ |
Raw water | N/A | N/A | |
Industrial water | Same level of drinking water | ✓ | N/A |
Acceptable application | Application detail | ||
Food & Beverage | Water measurement for beer/soft drinks/juice | ✓ | N/A |
Disinfectant / Sanitizer | N/A | N/A | |
Wastewater treatment | Discharge point | N/A | N/A |
Treatment plant, coagulation | N/A | N/A | |
Process industries as Bleaching agent | Chemicals, Pharma, Textiles, Pulp and Paper | N/A | N/A |
Desalination plant | After RO membrane | N/A | ✓ |
Drinking water | ✓ | N/A |
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Non-reagent Type Free Available Chlorine Sensor Unit FC800D
The FC800D is a next-generation digital Chlorine analyzer and connects to FLXA402T. The FC800D is a non-reagent type chlorine analyzer and measures free chlorine continuously. It is suitable for free chlorine control and monitoring in drinking water.
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Reagent Type Residual Chlorine Sensor Unit RC800D
The RC800D is a next-generation digital Turbidity analyzer and connect to FLXA402T. The RC800D can measure free chlorine or residual chlorine (total chlorine). It is suitable for free chlorine measurement under challenging and residual chlorine measurement.
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Liquid Analyzer for Turbidity and Chlorine FLXA402T
The FLXA402T is the next-generation analyzer for the Turbidity detector and Chlorine sensor. The FLXA402T can connect up to two sensors of Turbidity, Chlorine, pH, and Conductivity, with digital communications availability.
Details
What is Residual Chlorine?
Definition of Residual Chlorine
Residual chlorine is defined by the Standard Methods for Examination of Water (2001), issued by Japan Water Works Association, and the Testing Methods for Industrial Water (Japan Industrial Standards, JIS K0101-1998), as follows:
Residual chlorine = free available chlorine + combined available chlorine; or
Residual chlorine = free residual chlorine + combined residual chlorine.
Sometimes free available chlorine is also called free chlorine, and residual chlorine is also called total chlorine.
What is Free Available Chlorine?
Free Available Chlorine
When chlorine gas (Cl2) is added to water, it reacts to form hypochlorous acid (HClO) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) and the reaction reaches equilibrium, as shown in chemical equation (1). If the pH of the solution is 4 or higher, the reaction shifts to the right with predominant production of HClO.
HClO dissociates in equilibrium to hydrogen ion (H+) and hypochlorite ion (ClO- ), as shown in equation (3). The equilibrium constant is dependent on the temperature and pH of the solution
Figure 1 shows the relationship between HClO and ClO- to pH. At pH 5 or less, only HClO exists. Chlorine water has strong bactericidal properties on the acid side and weak bactericidal properties on the alkaline side. Therefore, HClO is considered to be effective as a disinfectant. Free available chlorine, in general, refers to chlorine that is present in forms of Cl2, HClO, ClO- , etc. in water.
What is Combined Available Chlorine?
Combined Available Chlorine
If water contains ammonia nitrogen, such as ammonium ion (NH4+) caused by contamination of river or other source water, chloramines are generated by reactions shown in equations (4), (5) and (6).
Chloramines are one of combined available chlorine and exist in different forms: monochloramine (NH2Cl); dichloramine (NHCl2) and trichloramine (NCl3). The predominant form is dependent on pH. At pH 8.2 or higher, only NH2Cl exists, where the pH is between 5.0 and 8.0, NH2Cl and NHCl2 coexist, and at pH 4.4 or lower, only NCl3 exists. The relationship between chloramine forms and pH is shown in Figure 2.
Chloramines are far less effective as disinfectants than free available chlorine. To kill bacteria completely in a certain period of time, combined available chlorine is required about 25 times more than free available chlorine in terms of quantity. It is also said that when combined available chlorine and free available chlorine have the same concentration, disinfection with combined available chlorine will take 100 times longer than the one with free available chlorine.
What is the Measurement Method?
Polarographic Method Using a Rotating Electrode
The FC800D No-reagent Type Free Available Chlorine Sensor Unit employs the polarographic method using a rotating electrode, as the measuring principle to measure free available chlorine existing in the form of chlorine (Cl2), hypochlorous acid (HClO), and hypochlorite ions (ClO- ).
The FC800D applies external voltage between measurement electrodes and reference electrodes to electrolytically reduce free available chlorine, and then measures the diffusion current during the above voltage application to obtain the concentration of free available chlorine. The voltage to be applied is selected from among values in the area where current value remains stable even if the voltage value changes, i.e., the area (plateau area) where concentration polarization occurs in polarography. Since this applied voltage changes according to the diffusion current value, the FC800D performs compensation complying with this change, to apply suitable voltage. Further, this obtained diffusion current value also changes with temperature, and the current is automatically corrected using signals from the RTD (Pt 1000 Ω) built in the reference electrode.
(Note) The FC800D was designed to require minimal maintenance and uses no reagent. However, it must be understood that there are restrictions on the conditions of the water to be measured (sample) in comparison with the RC800D Residual Chlorine Analyzer that uses reagent. If combined chlorine is present in sample, FC800D performance is affected.
Basic Polarography Diagram
Current-Voltage Diagram at Different Chlorine Concentration
Working Curve of Diffusion Current vs. Chlorine Concentration
RC800D is based on the rotational electrodes polarographic method as well.
The amount of free chlorine or total residual chlorine-containing combined chlorine in free chlorine is measured by selectively using reagents, electrodes, and applied voltages.
Resources
SENCOM
Downloads
Instruction Manuals
- FLXA402T Liquid Analyzer for Turbidity and Chlorine Operation of Converter (4.2 MB)
- FLXA402T Liquid Analyzer for Turbidity and Chlorine Start-up and Safety Precautions (1.7 MB)
- FC800D Non-reagent Type Free Available Chlorine Sensor Unit (6.5 MB)
- FC800D Non-reagent Type Free Available Chlorine Sensor Unit Start-up and Safety Precautions (1005 KB)
- FLXA402T Liquid Analyzer for Turbidity and Chlorine Operation of SC (1.2 MB)
- FLXA402T Liquid Analyzer for Turbidity and Chlorine Installation and Wiring (Introduction and General Description) (3.9 MB)
General Specifications
MSDS/SDS
- K9044FX / Conductive silicone grease (99 KB)
- K9041RA / Lubricating oil (221 KB)
- K9088PE / Polishing powder (Alumina) (166 KB)
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