Energía geotérmica

La energía geotérmica puede generar un suministro estable de electricidad durante todo el año, ya que no depende de las condiciones meteorológicas. Además, como no hay combustibles que se quemen por encima del suelo y solo se liberan muy pequeñas cantidades de dióxido de carbono, es amigable con el medio ambiente. Hay abundantes recursos geotérmicos a lo largo del cinturón del Pacífico (también conocido como el "anillo de fuego"), en países como Japón, Filipinas, Indonesia, Nueva Zelanda, México, Costa Rica y Estados Unidos, así como Islandia, Turquía, e Italia que se encuentran en otras regiones de actividad geotérmica. Hasta la fecha, Yokogawa ha participado en 30 proyectos de generación de energía geotérmica en Japón, el Sudeste de Asia y otras regiones, proporcionando una variedad de tecnologías de medición y control que mejoran la confiabilidad y la eficiencia en el mantenimiento de sistemas de generación de energía geotérmica.

Desafíos

El reto de los clientes

Prevenir la corrosión que ocurre al usar un dispositivo en una atmósfera corrosiva

Solución

Las tarjetas de circuitos impresos que van dentro de los sistemas integrados de control de la producción de Yokogawa reciben un revestimiento resistente al sulfuro de hidrógeno, mientras que a todos los dispositivos de campo de Yokogawa se les aplica un revestimiento anticorrosión.

Tecnologías instrumentales

Transmisores de presión/transmisores de presión diferencial serie EJX/EJA

Los transmisores de presión digitales de la serie DPharp utilizan un sensor de presión de resonancia de alta precisión de la presión diferencial (DPharp) que representa uno de los avances más revolucionarios en la tecnología de transmisores.


Transmisores de temperatura serie YTA

Los transmisores de temperatura de la serie YTA convierten las señales del sensor a señal 4 a 20 mA, HART o FOUNDATION™ fieldbus; esto elimina las desventajas de la resistencia de los cables y del ruido de la señal que se experimentan frecuentemente con los instrumentos de temperatura convencionales.


Transmisores inalámbricos: Serie EJX B, YTA510, YTM580

La flexibilidad de una solución inalámbrica reduce los costos de infraestructura y hace posible la instalación de transmisores en ubicaciones en donde anteriormente el cableado era muy difícil o tenía un costo prohibitivo.


Analizador de líquidos modular de 2 cables FLXA21

El FLXA21 es un analizador de líquidos modular de siguiente generación que se puede configurar de manera flexible para medir ph/ORP, conductividad de contacto, conductividad inductiva y oxígeno disuelto. El FLXA21 también permite la instalación de hasta dos sensores del mismo tipo, con lo cual reduce los costos de instalación y ahorra espacio.


Gestor de recursos de la planta PRM

El gestor de recursos de la planta (PRM) facilita el mantenimiento predictivo. La detección temprana de averías en sistemas y dispositivos ayuda a prevenir una fallas catastróficas.

 

El reto de los clientes

Ejecutar de manera confiable el monitoreo y control remotos de instalaciones como pozos de vapor y pozos de reinyección que están ubicados a una distancia considerable de una central eléctrica geotérmica

Solución

Yokogawa instala módulos E/S remotos y utiliza una topología de anillo redundante de fibra óptica para garantizar comunicaciones confiables entre el sistema integrado de control de la producción y los dispositivos de campo. Los dispositivos de campo inalámbricos se utilizan en ubicaciones donde es difícil cablear.

Tecnologías instrumentales

Sistema de control basado en red STARDOM

Las configuraciones de doble redundancia y de baja potencia están disponibles para la unidad híbrida PLC/RTU inteligente STARDOM. STARDOM es compatible con HART, Modbus, FOUNDATION™ fieldbus y otros protocolos de red.


SCADA FAST/TOOLS

El paquete FAST/TOOLS optimiza el rendimiento para aplicaciones con energías renovables. Asegura una alta disponibilidad y desempeño y admite la configuración en línea.


Transmisores inalámbricos: Serie EJX B, YTA510, YTM580

La flexibilidad de una solución inalámbrica reduce los costos de infraestructura y hace posible la instalación de transmisores en ubicaciones en donde anteriormente el cableado era muy difícil o tenía un costo prohibitivo.

 

El reto de los clientes

Dar mantenimiento de manera eficiente a los equipos que están localizados a una distancia considerable de una central eléctrica geotérmica

Solución

El Gestor de recursos de la planta (PRM) de Yokogawa es un paquete de software para mantenimiento de dispositivos integrados que mejora la eficiencia del mantenimiento al permitir monitorear remotamente el estado de los dispositivos y hacer cambios a su configuración. Esto minimiza la cantidad de tiempo que necesitan invertir los trabajadores en las plantas geotérmicas para diagnosticar fallas y realizar otras tareas, y por consiguiente minimiza su exposición al gas de sulfuro de hidrógeno, el cual, en concentraciones suficientemente altas, puede representar un riesgo para la salud.

Tecnologías instrumentales

Gestor de recursos de la planta PRM

El gestor de recursos de la planta (PRM) facilita el mantenimiento predictivo. La detección temprana de averías en sistemas y dispositivos ayuda a prevenir una fallas catastróficas.


Sistema integrado de control de la producción CENTUM VP

El sistema de control integrado CENTUM VP garantiza un desempeño de la planta "solo tiempo de actividad" sin interrupciones para lograr una productividad y rentabilidad óptimas en el campo de las energías renovables.


Sistema de control basado en red STARDOM

Las configuraciones de doble redundancia y de baja potencia están disponibles para la unidad híbrida PLC/RTU inteligente STARDOM. STARDOM es compatible con HART, Modbus, FOUNDATION™ fieldbus y otros protocolos de red.


SCADA FAST/TOOLS

El paquete FAST/TOOLS optimiza el rendimiento para aplicaciones con energías renovables. Asegura una alta disponibilidad y desempeño y admite la configuración en línea.

 

Detalles

Proceso de generación de energía geotérmica

Un pozo de vapor se perfora para extraer fluido compuesto por vapor y agua caliente de un yacimiento geotérmico localizado en el subsuelo profundo. La mezcla de fluido se introduce a un separador de vapor que extrae la humedad del vapor, y posteriormente el vapor se usa para mover la turbina de un generador de electricidad. El vapor a baja temperatura descargado de la turbina pasa a través de un condensador de vapor para regresar el vapor de agua a su estado líquido, y el agua se devuelve al yacimiento subterráneo por medio de un pozo de reinyección.

Tecnologías de control y medición

Sistemas e instrumentación en todas las áreas de la planta

Información

  • Soporte de operación
  • Capacitación de la operación
  • Gestión de activos de la planta

Control

  • Monitoreo y control integrados
  • Instrumentación de seguridad
  • Monitoreo y control remotos
  • Comunicación inalámbrica

Medición

  • Caudal
  • Presión
  • Nivel de líquido
  • Temperatura
  • pH
  • Conductividad
Procesos
Transportación de fluidos Energía geotérmica principal Turbina
  • Control de nivel del separador de agua
  • Control de presión del separador
  • Control de bomba de retorno de agua caliente
  • Control de pH
  • Monitoreo y control remotos de pozo de producción de vapor/pozo de inyección
  • Control de presión de vapor
  • Operación de válvula de venteo de emergencia
  • Control de turbina principal
  • Control de nivel del condensador
  • Control de agua de enfriamiento

Recursos

Descripción General:

Aboitiz Power Corporation is a holding company that was set up by the Aboitiz Group to oversee its investments in power generation, distribution, retail, and services. The company owns and operates several hydroelectric and geothermal power plants as well as a number of non-renewable power facilities throughout the Philippines. It also owns distribution utilities that are centered in high-growth areas in Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.

Descripción General:

PT PLN selected Yokogawa to automate plant and turbine startup/shutdown processes in 2008.

In 2021, a plant expansion project was successfully completed through continuous collaboration between the customer and Yokogawa.

Descripción General:
  • Se minimiza la intervención del operador durante los procesos de puesta en marcha de la turbina y el apagado automatizado de la planta
  • Reduce enormemente la carga de trabajo del operador y los errores y mitiga las tensiones térmicas y físicas en la turbina
Descripción General:
  • State-of-the-art FOUNDATION fieldbus technology
  • Plant Resource Manager (PRM) field device management system
  • Remote data monitoring via WAN
Descripción General:

Geothermal power plants create electricity from geothermal energy. These power plants are similar to other steam turbine station; however their heat source is that of the earth's core. The created steam is used to turn the turbine for the production of electricity. Technologies include Dry steam, Flash steam and Binary cycle power stations with Binary cycle being the most common geothermal plant in current production. In the process of geothermal power generation the facility needs to monitor various processes, as in this case steam line pressure sits in remote from control room's location.

Descripción General:

A manufacturer of lime using an Allen-Bradley Series 5 PLC wanted local data viewing and network connectivity. The PLC was wired directly to a rotary kiln and measured kiln temperature, pressure, rotary speed and material feed rate.

Descripción General:

The worlds of process automation and production management have been converging for some time. What once used to be islands of automation and production management functionality connected through highly proprietary integration schemes that were costly to maintain have developed into integrated platforms that provide seamless data exchange between the world of automation and the plant floor, the functions of production and operations management, and integration with business level systems.

Descripción General:

Los usuarios finales de procesos automatización están bajo más presión para hacer más con menos. La situación económica actual hace que muchos proyectos de capital de automatización estén en espera. Con los presupuestos de capital más limitados que nunca, los usuarios en lugar de enfocarse en los presupuestos de operaciones (en donde también la reducción de costos es una preocupación clave), o en las inversiones de automatización con un rápido retorno de inversión.

Documentación Técnica
Descripción General:

Yokogawa ha recorrido un largo camino en hacer que su mensaje sea claro en el mundo de la automatización de procesos. El año pasado, la compañía se embarcó en una campaña global de marketing a gran escala para que los clientes conocieran el enfoque de la compañía en la confiabilidad del sistema, su seguridad, constancia y durabilidad. Denominado "Vigilancia", la campaña creó un mensaje unificado para la empresa y en gran medida ayudó a aumentar la difusión de la marca Yokogawa y la filosofía de la empresa.

Descripción General:

The automation suppliers that will be successful in the long term will be those that effectively address application or industry specific problems for end users with a value proposition that cannot be ignored. These problems exist throughout the process industries today, and they won't be solved by simply offering a product, but through a combination of hardware, software, services, application expertise, and knowledge.

Descripción General:

In ARC's view, customers need a compelling business value proposition to justify investment in any kind of automation. Vigilance and VigilantPlant were created with this in mind. Yokogawa's vision with VigilantPlant is to create an environment where plant personnel and operators are well informed, alert, and ready to take action. 

Descripción General:

In today's dynamic industrial marketplace, the only constant is change. Raw material costs, energy costs, market demands, environmental and safety regulations, technology, and even the nature of the labor force itself are constantly changing, and not always in predictable directions.

Descripción General:

This white paper provides an overview of how Yokogawa believes its customers can best prepare for and position themselves to benefit from IIoT-enabled technology and solutions and digitalization in general to emerge as the successful connected industrial enterprises of the future.

Descripción General:

Yokogawa’s industrial automation (IA) product and service offerings, industry domain knowledge, and VigilantPlant approach – which emphasizes safe, secure, and uninterrupted operations -- provide a solid foundation for an Industrial Internet of Things that specifically addresses the requirements of process automation, particularly for the OT side of the equation. To be able to provide an equally solid foundation for the IT side, Yokogawa is partnering with Cisco Systems and other industry leaders.

Descripción General:

Recently, there is an increasing demand for operation and monitoring of all the various controllers distributed in the field on the same screens to improve plant operation efficiency. The purpose of the Unified Gateway Station (UGS) is to connect external controllers, such as the STARDOM's FCN/FCJ autonomous controllers and other vendors' controllers, to the CENTUM VP integrated production control system and to operate and monitor those external controllers on the Human Interface Station (HIS) screens, the operation and monitoring screens for the CENTUM VP.

Descripción General:

Recently, manufacturing industries are trying to slash the total cost of ownership (TCO). Batch processes are not exceptions. Until recently, in comparison to continuous processes, batch processes have generally not yet undergone systematization and standardization.

Yokogawa Technical Report
Descripción General:

As industrial plant systems have increased in scale and their automatic control algorithms advanced, today's operators are required to have more advanced skills and knowledge of theplant systems and to learn the actions to be taken in response to any possible situations including emergencies.

Yokogawa Technical Report
Descripción General:

The trend of open system architecture is becoming an important issue with distributed control systems (hereinafter abbreviated as DCSs). To meet this demand, the operation and monitoring functions, and the system generation functions of the CENTUM CS 3000 system are designed to support Windows NT and OLE for Process Control (OPC).

Descripción General:

As more fieldbus devices are made practicable, demand is increasing for a distributed control system (DCS) which integrates fieldbus devices in its engineering, operation, and monitoring environments. Conventionally, control has been implemented by the dual-redundant CPUs and control bus within a DCS; however, sufficient reliability must be ensured even when it is distributed over field networks.

Descripción General:

The recent increase of devices enabled for a field network such as the FOUNDATION™ Fieldbus is phenomenal. This has been amplifying a requirement for distributed control systems (DCSs) to be capable of constituting a more pliant and efficient production control system by means of flexible connections to field networks in addition to traditional 4 to 20 mA signals.

Descripción General:

The environment surrounding process control systems has changed dramatically as the performance of personal computers improves and the Windows operating system advances, there has been a move towards the trend of open architecture. As we are already aware, in addition to the traditional high reliability level and the unique operability there has been an increase in demand for the interoperability of human- machine interfaces (HMI), which are responsible for the operation and monitoring of our distributed control system (DCS).

Yokogawa Technical Report
Descripción General:

Drastic changes in the economy of manufacturing industries, has led to increasing demand for plant operations to reduce personnel, improve efficiency, and increase the operation rate of facilities. On the other hand, for plants to operate safely, improvements in reliability and operational safety cannot be neglected.

Descripción General:

In this day and age, just simply buying a personal computer, taking it home and turning it on will enable you to be taken to the world of Internet. In such an era, communication connection capability and prospects is increasing in importance. DCSs are no exception for concern.

Descripción General:

The manuals of control systems such as a DCS provide a vast amount of information depending on their multi-functionality and functional integration. A conventional large-scale control system our company offers comes with more than 10,000 pages of paper documents.

Descripción General:

Yokogawa Electric has been using Pair & Spare method as a reliability-enhancing technology for its line of distributed control systems (DCS) since the release of the CENTUM CS in 1993. As a result, the system has achieved an availability factor of seven 9's (99.99999%) for the record of operation to date.

Descripción General:

Field instruments are expected to be equipped with diagnostic functions to predict abnormal process conditions, and are also expected to expand these functions. The ability to extract diagnostic information for prediction and prevention from various physical process quantities measured by devices and make it available allows the user to reduce non-essential and non-urgent maintenance and thus cut maintenance costs.

Descripción General:

Safe plant operation has long been pursued in all industries. Specifically, in the process automation industry which involves many hazardous elements, safety measures including explosion-protected systems have been adopted based on numerous tragic experiences.

Descripción General:

Since the release of the DPharp EJ series in 1991 and the DPharp EJA series in 1994, nearly 1.2 million of these transmitters have been operating all over the world. Recently, we have also developed the EJX series of even more compact, lightweight and advanced transmitters with multi- sensing capabilities built using silicon resonant sensor technology.

Descripción General:

In recent years, more field wireless devices have been used in hazardous areas. Meanwhile, in plants that are usually recognized as hazardous areas, there are numerous metallic tanks and pipes that easily shield or reflect radio waves, as discussed later, thus resulting in a poor environment for wireless communication.

Descripción General:

The first stage in creating next-generation production control system that achieves innovative plant operation is providing "Visualized operation". "Visualized operation" for the customer means that he can reliably access and visualize plant data regardless of plant location and time.

Descripción General:

The manufacturing industry has grown based on solid production technologies for creating quality products. However, the economic environment is changing dramatically, forcing manufacturing firms to face tough global competition; firms must ship the right products at the right time as the market requests.

Descripción General:

CENTUM VP is a next-generation Integrated Production Control System which provides solutions to improve operation efficiency (Operational Excellence) based on Yokogawa's VigilantPlant concept. In the development of Integrated Production Control Systems, we have expanded the functions of the Human Machine Interface (HMI) maintaining the main essence of CENTUM series, regardless of the changes of platforms.

Yokogawa Technical Report
Descripción General:

To date, Yokogawa has focused on DCS (Distributed Control System) which control the entire power generation plant, including boilers, in the electric power industry. In contrast, turbomachinery control has been handled by turbine manufacturers, but as the electric power market has been active internationally, especially in China and India, in recent years, Yokogawa has been developing turbomachinery control systems to to further develop the electric power industry.

Yokogawa Technical Report
Descripción General:

There has been increasing demand for cost reductions and lower-priced products in the manufacturing industry, and maintaining cost competitiveness and achieving optimum costs have become necessary for the survival of manufacturers. This calls for minimizing TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) over the whole life cycle of plants and maximizing TVO (Total Value of Ownership).

Yokogawa Technical Report
Descripción General:

Process automation involves both operation and maintenance. Plant operation and monitoring are mainly conducted by a control system such as CENTUM, while equipment maintenance is handled by Plant Asset Management (PAM) such as Plant Resource Manager (PRM).

Yokogawa Technical Report
Descripción General:

As compared to Distributed Control Systems (DCS) such as CENTUM VP that monitors the operations of the overall plant, PRM is a type of Plant Asset Management (PAM) software package that primarily focuses on the maintenance of devices and instruments.

Descripción General:

Asset Excellence (AE) provides a set of solutions for maintaining a plant in good condition at reasonable cost to ensure that it works as a production infrastructure. To reduce maintenance costs without causing a risk to production, it is necessary to change from breakdown maintenance to predictive or preventive maintenance.

Descripción General:

Yokogawa Electric Corporation promotes the standardization of FOUNDATION™ fieldbus as the communication foundation supporting Asset Excellence for VigilantPlant, which is an approach aimed at the advancement of plant instruments and equipment. With the recent dramatic advancement of fieldbus technologies, information processing technologies, and network speed, it has become possible to process various kinds of information inside the field sensors and transmit the results to the distributed control system (DCS) and host computer.

Descripción General:

In plant sites, there are various places such as those affording an unobstructed view like tank yards, and others surrounded by metal pipes and equipment obstructing the view (hereafter referred to "pipe jungles"), often seen in oil refinery and chemical on-site plants. The frequency band of radio waves used for field wireless communication is 2.4 GHz, which has high straightness and its ability to go around things can hardly be expected.

Descripción General:

In 2005, Yokogawa announced "VigilantPlant" as a concept to ward the realization of a type of plant operation that is considered ideal by our customers.

Yokogawa Technical Report
Descripción General:

Environmental friendliness (E) must be assessed in today's product design in addition to the conventional design considerations of quality (Q), cost (C), and lead time (D). Hence, the product design system must be urgently restructured in order to minimize the environmental impact of a product throughout its life-cycle from purchase of the materials and parts, through manufacturing and distribution, to use and disposal.

Descripción General:

As a company that has strong relationship with nature and provides products using nature's blessings, Mercian Corporation is committed to the environment. Its environmental philosophy is "Mercian thanks nature's blessings and capability that sustain life, and seeks to balance environmental preservation with creating an affluent society."

Yokogawa Technical Report
Descripción General:

As for a controller used in a distributed control system (DCS) shown in Figure 1, covering as many applications as possible with a single controller will bring cost reduction effects such as easy engineering and a small controller installation area. Therefore, the controller is required to process large amounts of data more quickly.

Descripción General:

More than ten years have passed since the first digitized field devices were introduced. These support either a hybrid communication protocol such as HART or a full digital communication protocol such as FOUNDATION Fieldbus.

Descripción General:

The specifications of the ISA100.11a wireless communication standard of the International Society of Automation (ISA) for industrial automation were published, and companies are developing products based on the standard. The ISA100.11a has many features such as high reliability including redundancy, network scalability, and support for various protocols for industrial automation.

Descripción General:

For safe plant operations, it is critical to correctly understand the conditions encountered by operators inside the plants. In relation to this topic, human cognition has been studied in various fields such as human factors and ergonomics.

Descripción General:

As field instrumentation devices become increasingly digitized and computerized, interactive and remote access to a large quantity of field information becomes possible. This will increase the efficiency of plant equipment maintenance by reducing labor requirements in field patrol work for example. 

Descripción General:

The requirements for water supply and sewage services are becoming increasingly strict, such as consolidation of facilities, operational efficiency, lower cost, and information transparency due to stagnant demand. There is also demand for greater use of information technologies (IT), encouraged by the government's e-Japan strategy.

Descripción General:

Industrial automation (IA) systems and products, which utilize measurement, control and information technologies, are used across the world as fundamental infrastructure for achieving safe, stable and highly efficient plant operation. In order to keep the systems and products effective throughout the plant lifecycle, customers need to periodically check their effectiveness and take prompt action if any problem is identified.

Descripción General:

Global market pressures are causing businesses world wide to strive to lower manufacturing costs and to become more agile companies in order to quickly respond to changes in market demands and to fend off competitive threats. Yokogawa's customers in all industries and markets are responding to this pressure by working to more closely integrate their plant manufacturing systems with their enterprise wide business systems in a seamless manner.

Descripción General:

Recently, standardization of procedural automation of manual operations has been promoted mainly by the International Society of Automation (ISA), and the functional requirements necessary for automation are being studied by the ISA106 committee in the US.

Descripción General:

For a coal fired power generation plant (hereafter referred to as "BTG facilities," in which "BTG" stands for boiler, steam turbine, and generator) supplying power to a large-scale production plant, the CO2 emissions from such facilities are a critical issue today.

Yokogawa Technical Report
Descripción General:

Environment and safety are major topics on a global scale in recent times. As symbolized by the effectuation of the Kyoto Protocol, an interest in preserving the environment is growing worldwide, and there is also a tendency to criticize more severely, occurrences of industrial accidents that are accompanied by environmental contamination or which may cause damage, etc., to residents in the surrounding areas.

Descripción General:

In recent years, expectations for control systems using wireless communications have been increasing in the process control market. This is because these systems do not require power and communication wiring for field instruments, enabling reduced initial and maintenance costs, and easy installation.

Descripción General:

Yokogawa has been leading the process automation industries as one of the pioneers in field digital technologies represented by the FOUNDATION fieldbus™ and Field Device Tool/Device Type Manager (FDT/DTM).

Descripción General:

Due to emerging competitors from the rapidly growing countries such as India and China and the global economic downturn triggered by the Lehman shock, many companies in the process industries are struggling to survive the severe global competition.

Documentos y Descargas

Noticias

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